In brief

Human embryo research studies the mechanisms of embryonic development. It concerns only embryos conceived in vitro as part of medically assisted procreation that are no longer the subject of a parental project, embryos that cannot be transferred or preserved, or embryos carrying an abnormality detected following preimplantation diagnosis.

Human embryonic stem cell research is based on cells harvested from human embryos at the earliest stage of development. These cells are capable of differentiating into any cell type, opening up promising prospects in regenerative medicine and in understanding certain genetic diseases.

Finally, research using human induced pluripotent stem cells makes it possible to obtain cells with characteristics similar to embryonic stem cells, without the need to use human embryos.

Research on the human embryo and human embryonic stem cells is governed by the French Bioethics Act, which lays down strict conditions to protect the embryo while enabling scientific advances. Research protocols must meet precise criteria: demonstration of scientific relevance, medical purpose or contribution to the improvement of knowledge, respect for ethical and fundamental principles.

Certain practices are prohibited, such as the creation of embryos for research purposes, the introduction of animal cells into a human embryo or the culture of embryos beyond 14 days. Research on human embryonic stem cells is subject to the same rigorous scientific and ethical requirements, and can only be authorized if the cells have been obtained under conditions defined by law.

The law also provides a framework for certain types of research using human induced pluripotent stem cells: those aimed at differentiating stem cells into gametes, obtaining in vitro embryonic development models or inserting these cells into an animal embryo for transfer to a female.

The Agence de la biomédecine authorizes embryo research protocols, on the advice of its Steering Committee. Each application is examined by a college of independent experts, made up of six members appointed for two years.

Research on human embryonic stem cells, as well as research using human induced pluripotent stem cells as described in the previous paragraph, is subject to prior declaration.

The Agency also issues authorizations for the import, export and storage of human embryonic stem cells for research purposes.

The Agency monitors projects and regularly checks that they comply with regulatory and ethical requirements. It can suspend or withdraw authorization if conditions are not met.

In this section, you'll find key figures, the legal framework, scientific publications and useful documents for professionals involved in human embryo and embryonic stem cell research.